Bereits im Februar kämpften einige Landstriche in Frankreich oder auch Italien mit den Folgen außergewöhnlicher Trockenheit. Wasserknappheit ist ein globales Problem. Während die Bevölkerung weiter wächst, ist die Verfügbarkeit von Süßwasser für Landwirtschaft, Industrie, Ernährung und Gesundheit begrenzt und sinke sogar. Das Defizit verschärft sich durch die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels. Nach Angaben des Weltwirtschaftsforums wird die Wassernachfrage das Angebot bis 2030 um 40 % übersteigen. Bleibt die Welt auf ihrem derzeitigen Erwärmungspfad 2,7 bis 3,1 Grad bis 2100, werden rund 3 Milliarden Menschen mit Wasserknappheit zu kämpfen haben. Während mehrere Länder in Afrika und im Nahen und Mittleren Osten bereits seit langem von Wasserknappheit betroffen sind, breitet sich die Verknappung der Süßwasserressourcen allmählich auf Gebiete wie die Westküste der Vereinigten Staaten, den Mittelmeerraum, einige zentralasiatische Länder und Australien aus.
Zentrale Stellschraube: Wasserverbrauch der Landwirtschaft
Der globale Wasserverbrauch verteilt sich zu 70 % auf die Landwirtschaft, zu 22 % auf die Industrie und zu 8 % auf die privaten Haushalte. Die Bedeutung der Landwirtschaft und damit die Frage der Ernährungssicherheit verdeutlicht die wachsende Bedeutung der Bewirtschaftung der Wasserressourcen bei der Festlegung der Klimaziele der Länder in den letzten zwanzig Jahren. Obwohl alle Wirtschaftszweige zu den globalen Anstrengungen beitragen müssen, insbesondere zur Bekämpfung von Verlusten in den Wassernetzwerken, spielt die Landwirtschaft eine zentrale Rolle bei der Erhaltung der Wasserressourcen. Dies muss durch die Verbesserung der Bewässerung mit Hilfe neuer Technologien, z.B. intelligente Bewässerung, durch die verstärkte Nutzung von Abwasserrecycling und durch die Einführung neuer, weniger wasserintensiver Landwirtschaftsformen wie z.B. „vertical farming“ geschehen. So erwirtschafte das US-Unternehmen Lindsay 86 % seines Umsatzes mit Bewässerungsanlagen für die Landwirtschaft und der Entwicklung von „intelligenten Bewässerungslösungen“, die z.B. den Wasserbedarf in Abhängigkeit von den Wetterbedingungen vorhersagen, die Energieversorgung durch Fotovoltaikanlagen sicherstellen und deren Neigungswinkel im Hinblick auf Energieerzeugung und Wasserverbrauch optimieren.
Neue Technologien der Meerwasserentsalzung mit geringerem CO2-Ausstoß
Der wichtigste Hebel für die Erhöhung der verfügbaren Wasserressourcen ist der Ausbau der Kapazitäten zur Meerwasserentsalzung, die seit den 1970er Jahren in industriellem Maßstab entwickelt wurde. Heute gibt es weltweit 21.000 Anlagen, die rund 21 Milliarden Kubikmeter entsalztes Wasser pro Jahr produzieren. Seit Anfang der 2000er Jahre verzeichnet der Sektor ein durchschnittliches Wachstum von 10 % bis 12 % pro Jahr. Die Entsalzung von Wasser ist ein Prozess, bei dem noch immer eine erhebliche Menge an Treibhausgasen und Salzlauge freigesetzt wird, die zu stark mit Salz und Mineralien angereichert ist, als dass sie in der Landwirtschaft, der Industrie oder im Haushalt verwendet werden könnte. Die Technologie mit den geringsten Emissionen sei die Umkehrosmose, die auf hydraulischen Druck und Membranfiltration basiert. Sie stoße fünfmal weniger CO2 pro produziertem Kubikmeter aus als die älteren thermischen Entsalzungsverfahren, bei denen das Meerwasser erhitzt und der salzfreie Wasserdampf zurückgewonnen wird. So setzt der japanische Hersteller von Umweltausrüstungen Hitachi Zosen bereits bei der Hälfte seiner 45 Entsalzungsanlagen auf die Umkehrosmose-Technologie.
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03/30/2023
ODDO BHF Asset Management
Hoher Investitionsbedarf für Bekämpfung von Wasserknappheit
Die Landwirtschaft spielt eine zentrale Rolle bei der Erhaltung der Wasserressourcen.
Nicolas Jacob, Portfoliomanager ODDO BHF Asset Management
