Der Immobiliensektor steht an der Schwelle zu einer grünen Revolution. Von einem der schlimmsten Klimasünder könnte er sich bald zu einer der grünen Erfolgsgeschichten entwickeln. Aber das wird nicht einfach sein: Europas Gebäude sind derzeit für 36 % der energiebedingten Treibhausgasemissionen der EU verantwortlich.[1] Diese Zahl ergibt sich nicht zuletzt aus den 20 Milliarden Tonnen Beton, die jedes Jahr weltweit gegossen werden.
Die Probleme des Betons liegen in den Emissionen, die bei der Herstellung seines Hauptbestandteils, des Zements, entstehen. Wäre die Zementindustrie ein Land, so hätte sie nach China und den USA mit jährlich 2,8 Milliarden Tonnen Kohlenstoff den drittgrössten Fussabdruck der Welt [2]. Für jede Tonne Zement, die hergestellt wird, werden etwa 600 kg Kohlendioxid emittiert,[3]. Doch trotz seines hohen Kohlenstoffprofils ist Zement nach Wasser immer noch der am häufigsten verwendete Stoff der Welt. So wurde in China in drei Jahren (2011-2013) mehr Zement gegossen als in den USA im gesamten 20. Jahrhundert.[4]
Für Beton braucht es ernsthafte Innovationen. Es reicht nicht aus, einfach ein paar Solarpaneele an den Produktionsstandorten anzubringen oder den Kohlenstoffausstoss durch das Pflanzen von Bäumen zu kompensieren. So werden neue Verfahren entwickelt, die nicht nur die bei der Zementherstellung entstehenden Emissionen erheblich reduzieren, sondern Zement (und damit auch Beton) zu einem kohlenstoffnegativen Material machen könnten.
Der wissenschaftliche Teil ...
Ingenieure des Imperial College London und der University of California, Irvine, haben Massnahmen identifiziert, mit denen der Kohlenstoffausstoss bei der Zementherstellung auf 80 bis 50 Prozent der derzeitigen Werte gesenkt werden könnte.
Bei der Herstellung von Zement wird Kalkstein mit anderen Komponenten erhitzt, um das Zwischenprodukt Klinker zu erzeugen. Dabei wird Kohlenstoffgas freigesetzt. Dieser Prozess allein ist für rund 7 Prozent aller Kohlendioxidemissionen verantwortlich[5]. Genau hier können neue Systeme zur Abscheidung und Speicherung von Kohlendioxid (Carbon Capture and Storage, CCS) verhindern, dass Kohlenstoff in die Erdatmosphäre gelangt. Der Baustoffhersteller Holcim arbeitet an mehr als zwanzig CCS-Projekten, die auch auf die Wiederverwendung von Kohlenstoff zum Beispiel als synthetischer Brennstoff auf Flughäfen abzielen.
Die Öfen, in denen der Kalkstein gebrannt wird, sind ebenfalls Kohlenstoffsünder, können aber mit Biomasse-Brennstoffen befeuert werden. In Indien verwendet UltraTech Cement Abfälle von 80 Unternehmen als Brennstoff.[6].
Schliesslich könnte auch die Menge des bei der Zementherstellung verwendeten Klinkers selbst reduziert werden. Zwischen 30 und 40 % des für die Zementherstellung verwendeten Klinkers könnten durch Abfallstoffe ersetzt werden.
Unterstützung ist vorhanden. Auf der COP27 schlossen sich die Beton- und Zementindustrie zusammen mit der Aluminium-, Stahl-, LKW- und Luftfahrtbranche der First Movers Coalition an, einer globalen Initiative, bei der Unternehmen ihre Kaufkraft zur Dekarbonisierung emissionsintensiver Branchen einsetzen, um die Kommerzialisierung solcher Lösungen zu beschleunigen, indem sie finanziell rentabler werden.
Die Kunst des Möglichen
Diese Art von kohlenstoffnegativem Zement ist nur ein Beispiel für die neuen Technologien. Es gibt noch weitere kohlenstoffarme Produkte, die von Polymeren aus 3D-Druckern bis hin zu bizarren Produkten reichen: ein Baustoff, der aus Pilzfäden hergestellt wird.[7] Ein neues wasserstoffbasiertes Werk in Hamburg[8] stellt bereits Kohlenstoff-losen Baustahl her. Jede dieser Innovationen ist ein Puzzlestück auf dem Weg zum Netto-Nullziel.
Auch Investoren profitieren, da umweltfreundlichere Gebäude zu höheren Mieten und einer stabileren Belegungsrate führen. Ausserdem sind die Anlagen damit für kommende regulatorische Änderungen gewappnet. Mit diesen technologischen Entwicklungen an der Spitze könnte eine wahrhaft grüne Zukunft in der grauen Materie zu finden sein.
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Fidelity International
Die Pracht des grauen Materials: Wie Technologie die Kohlenstoffzukunft der Immobilienbranche verändert
[1] In Focus: Energy efficiency in buildings, European Commission, February 2020
[2] Climate Change 2021, The Physical Science Basis, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
[3] Decarbonising cement, Joule, June 2021
[4] Gatesnotes, USGS, Cement Statistics, Mineral Industry of China 1990-2013
[5] Low temperature method for decarbonising limestone locks carbon dioxide up as a mineral, Chemistry World, 2021
[6] UltraTech Cement drives decarbonisation agenda through innovative solutions, September 2021
[7] Building with Mushrooms, Critical Concrete, April 2018
[8] Hydrogen-based steelmaking to begin in Hamburg, ArcelorMittal, September 2021
